Solar panels and their main components: what you need to know before installation

Going solar is a significant investment with financial and environmental benefits. Understanding the basic components and technology of solar panels is critical as this helps consumers make informed decisions before installing renewable energy systems.

The financial benefits can include savings on energy costs in the long term, while the environmental benefits come from reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. The technologies behind solar panels, such as photovoltaic cells and inverters, are also essential to explain how the system converts solar energy into electricity.

Main components

Solar panels

Modern panels generally fall into two categories:

Monocrystalline panels: these are known for their high efficiency, making them an excellent choice for spaces with limited floor space. These panels typically have a higher solar-to-electric conversion factor, meaning they are more efficient per unit area. This makes them ideal for small roofs or areas with limited space.

Polycrystalline panels: these are less efficient than monocrystalline, but also more affordable, making them suitable for people on a budget. They are easier to manufacture, but due to their structure have slightly lower performance.

For areas with frequent cloudy conditions, panels with half-cell technology can be a good choice as they typically have better low-light performance due to their improved construction. These panels are designed to reduce shade losses and increase efficiency in less sunlight conditions.

Inverters

Inverters convert the direct current (DC) generated by the panels into alternating current (AC) for household use. There are three main types:

  1. String Inverters: Cost effective, but if a panel is shaded it is likely to reduce efficiency.
  2. Microinverters: Attached to each panel, providing optimum performance even if one panel is shaded.
  3. Power optimizers: devices that are used in solar installations to improve the efficiency of each individual solar cell by reducing losses and improving system performance. They are placed on each panel unit and work in tandem with central string inverters or microinverters, depending on the system configuration.

 

Mounting and racking systems

Mounting systems play a key role in the proper and safe attachment of panels to roofs or the ground. Choosing the right system depends on the roof type, pitch and wind conditions.

Roof-mounted systems: ideal for limited space on the ground but require structural assessment.

Ground systems: suitable for larger properties, offering better ventilation and easier maintenance.

 

Battery storage

Battery systems store excess energy, providing power during outages.

The lithium-ion batteries used in these systems are effective at storing electricity generated by solar panels when production exceeds consumption, or for providing backup power during power outages. Systems such as Tesla Powerwall allow users to store energy during the day and use it at night or in the event of emergencies, providing stability and independence from the grid.

In 2024, advanced batteries with AI optimization are gaining popularity for residential systems.

 

Monitoring system

Real-time monitoring tools help track energy production and consumption, ensuring your system is operating efficiently.

What to consider before installation

  • Evaluate the orientation, pitch and structural integrity of your roof. South-facing roofs with a pitch of 30-40 degrees usually give the best results.
  • Evaluate your household energy consumption and peak usage hours. A professional can perform an energy audit to recommend the appropriate system size.

 

Emerging trends and technologies in 2024

Doublesided solar panels

These panels absorb sunlight from both sides, increasing energy output by up to 30%. They are particularly effective for ground-mounted systems or reflective surfaces.

 

Perovskite solar cells

They are predicted to change the industry as perovskite cells have higher efficiency and lower production costs.

 

AI and intelligent integration

AI-enabled energy management systems optimize solar performance by adjusting energy flows based on weather forecasts, peak demand, and household consumption patterns.

Environmental and long-term benefits

Reduced carbon footprint

Solar panels produce no carbon emissions during operation, which helps reduce the total amount of CO₂ released into the atmosphere from traditional energy sources such as coal or natural gas.

On average, a solar system can offset between 2 and 3 tonnes of CO₂ per year, depending on the system size and location. Over a period of 25 years, the approximate lifetime of solar panels, this can be compared to planting hundreds of trees.

 

Increased property value

This increased value is the result of several factors:

  • Energy cost savings: buyers are interested in the potential long-term energy savings they can get from solar panels.

 

  • Environmental sustainability: more and more people are looking for homes that reduce carbon emissions and offer sustainable energy solutions.

 

  • Technological improvements and innovation: solar panels and renewable energy systems are becoming more affordable and efficient, increasing their value as assets.

 

Investing in solar panels is a decision that requires careful planning and research. By understanding the key components, assessing your home’s suitability, and being informed about emerging trends, you can maximize the benefits of your installation.

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D. Strumenlieva
Director, Coca Cola HBC Bulgaria